Searching for History. A Workshop with Ian Forrest

by Cris Arama (MSt. Medieval Studies)

Report on the workshop for the graduate students of the MSt. in Medieval Studies: ‘Fragments and photographs: what are we doing when we try to get close to medieval people?’ which started using examples from medieval records and Ian Forrest’s account of publishing with the photographer Martin Stott https://martin-stott.com/argehane-books/bartlemas-oxfords-hidden-sanctuary/

How do you find someone who lived in a leper hospital in Oxford nine hundred years ago? Not find them in the sense of retracing their biographical data—but stepping into their world, breathing life into their form. Founded by Henry I in 1126, the hospital of St Bartholomew, known as Bartlemas, cared for countless residents over the centuries. In addition to its beginnings as a leprosarium, it has acted as an almshouse, hosted a nursery between 1956 and 2009, and now fosters a culturally-diverse community, offering occasional services in its chapel.

What would it have felt like to step through Bartlemas in 1126, the moans of the ill reverberating into the night? What would it have felt like to reach for the supposed reliquary of St Bartholomew’s skin, desperate for the certainty of healing? These are the sort of questions Ian Forrest brought to the workshop held on February 20th 2026 at the Schwarzman Centre. It was inspired by the recent book ‘Bartlemas: Oxford’s Hidden Sanctuary’ (2025), in which an essay by Prof Forrest accompanies nearly a hundred photographs by Martin Stott of Bartlemas and its surroundings.

Together, we leafed through the photographs of Bartlemas as it exists today—the chapel rebuilt in the 17th century, the garden which has likely witnessed nine hundred years of continuous tending, and Muslim men kneeling in prayer, not unlike the countless Bartlemas brothers before them. Looking through the photographs, I was struck by two overlapping impressions: on the one hand, the vibrancy of the life which has been unfolding at Bartlemas for centuries; on the other, the ghostly absence of the countless people who spent their lives here. You would almost expect their memory to have left behind some physical trace, akin to geological layers. But it did not. We are left only with sparse biographical, financial and administrative records. Do they do justice to the richness of humanity that these people had? As historians, can we do more?

We discussed whether alternative ways of ‘doing’ history might help us achieve that. We started with a recent photo of a gardener at Bartlemas, a scythe propped on his shoulder. Perhaps taking a closer look at life in such spaces today, and finding echoes of the past in it, might help us to better imagine the full life of someone who lived there long ago. Henrike Lähnemann brought to the discussion a similar approach, sharing an interview she took at a German convent tracing its origins to Medieval times. Watching the Abbess of Kloster Lüne speak, her face lit in a kaleidoscope of warm yellows, blues and greens from the stained glass above her, it was not difficult to imagine a Medieval nun stepping softly through the same light. Nevertheless, looking at the experience of a place in the present can inform, but not elucidate, that of the past.

In an effort to fill in these gaps, we can also turn to the writings or even artwork left behind. For instance, as Henrike Lähnemann pointed out, it was commonplace for medieval German nuns to not only write prayer books, but to also illustrate them. Their humanity peeks out through the careful brush-strokes and the painstaking process which merged prayer with creation, the spiritual with the material. In manuscripts from Medingen Abbey, the pieces of gauze sometimes used to veil illuminations were likely of the same material of the nuns’ headdresses. When we examine such manuscripts, in which the creator and the creation are intertwined, we are brought closer to the person behind that process.

Lastly, we discussed the potential of fiction to capture the humanity of people long gone. It could allow us to step into the life of a resident at Bartlemas in the 12th century, imagining their routine of ointments and prayer, and perhaps their moments of wavering faith. We could imagine the deep ache in the shoulders of a nun at Medingen after a day spent hunched over parchment, sharpening her quill and watching flecks of gold float in the air after an illumination. In this sense, fiction could open the possibility for a truer account of human experience than what we can glean from sparse historical records.

There is no clear answer to this dilemma. If we stick too closely to historical data, we risk losing the fullness of humanity against the hard edges of fact. If we rely too much on imagination, we risk treading too far into speculation, ending up misrepresenting the very people we sought to understand.

Perhaps there is value in the act itself of asking these questions, as Ian Forrest guided us to do. Perhaps we begin to do justice to the unreachable past simply by paying attention to it.


Picture: Bartlemas Chapel (off Cowley Road) in Winter (Henrike Lähnemann 2020)

Kevin Crossley-Holland Reading

Kevin Crossley-Holland will be reading from his newly-published Collected Poems in the Old Dining Hall at St Edmund Hall on Tuesday 3 March at 5:30pm.

Bringing together over five decades of work. Collected Poems celebrates one of Britain’s most admired and enduring voices. Kevin Crossley-Holland’s writing spans the landscapes of memory, myth and the human heart. Rooted in lived experience and rich in literary tradition, his poetry draws on folklore and the natural world to speak vividly to our own time. This landmark volume captures the full measure of his craft and imagination-a celebration of a lifetime devoted to words.

Kevin is a prize-winning poet, translator from Anglo Saxon (including Beowulf), re-teller of traditional tale (The Penguin Book of Norse Myths and Between Worlds: British Folk Tales), librettist and novelist for children, winning the Carnegie Medal for Storm and the Guardian Fiction Prize for The Seeing Stone, the first book in his Arthur trilogy.

He has collaborated with many composers, including Sir Arthur Bliss, William Mathias, Nicola LeFanu, Bob Chilcott , Bernard Hughes and Cecilia McDowall, and artists including Charles Keeping, John Lawrence, Norman Ackroyd and Chris Riddell.

He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature, was a Fulbright Distinguished Visiting Professor and endowed chair in the Humanities in Minnesota from 1991 until 1996, and served as President of the School Library Association 2012-2017. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature and the Society of Authors, and an Honorary Fellow of Saint Edmund Hall, Oxford.

“Kevin Crossley-Holland is a master, a magician and commander of the language, the roots of whose work are deeply entwined with ancient patterns of truth and knowledge. I salute and venerate him.” Philip Pullman

“This is a fantastic collection, and I love it. His poetry is so very rich and so varied, and covers such an impressive amount of ground. There are anthems, war cries, memories, love songs and hymns to the glory of nature, all written in language that is clear, robust, and sometimes luminously, breathtakingly beautiful.” Joanne Harris

Entry is free and no need to register.

New Hebrew Acquisitions in Christ Church

You are warmly invited to attend our third pop-up display of the term: “What do Christ Church’s newly acquired Hebrew books tell us about the College in the 17th century?”

Where: Christ Church Upper Library (ask for directions at the Porter’s Lodge!)
When: 19th and 20th February, 12-2pm
Questions: library@chch.ox.ac.uk

Please join us for this pop-up display of some new and exciting Hebraica acquisitions, paired with items from our existing collections, with focus on the 17th century. Highlights will include Syriac, Arabic and Ottoman Turkish manuscripts but also Hebrew calendar volvelles.

Entry is free and open to all. Please note that there is no step-free access to the Upper Library.

Dr Rahel Fronda, Hebrew and Judaica Deputy Curator, Bodleian Weston Library, Broad Street, Oxford OX1 3BG, T: 01865 277602
E: rahel.fronda@bodleian.ox.ac.uk

OMS Lecture HT 2026: Ian Forrest

Prof. Ian Forrest (Glasgow): Telling Tails: Weaponizing Gender in the Late Medieval Church

St Edmund Hall, Old Dining Hall

Thursday 19 February 5–6.30pm, followed by drinks

All welcome!

The fringes of the institutional church in the later Middle Ages were difficult to control. Pardoners, summoners, and priests of dubious status caused headaches for bishops and scandalized the public. The stories people told about them often concerned deceptive or ambiguous gender presentation. Touching upon famous fictions like Chaucer’s Pardoner and Summoner, and Pope Joan, the lecture will also examine the political culture of violent direct action against humans and their animals which sought to regulate gender and status at the edges of the medieval clerical estate.

After the talk and the drinks, there will be the opportunity to stay for a buffet dinner a in St Edmund Hall at 7pm. Please contact Henrike Lähnemann if you would like to take part in this. At 9:30pm, there will be the opportunity to take part in the Compline in the crypt of St-Peter-in-the-East, the library church of St Edmund Hall (more details on that in the current Medieval Studies booklet.).

This is linked with a workshop on Friday 20 February, 10am for the graduate students of the MSt. in Medieval Studies: ‘Fragments and photographs: what are we doing when we try to get close to medieval people?’ which will start using examples from medieval records and Ian Forrest’s account of publishing with the photographer Martin Stott.

Header image: Pope Joan / John VII in the Nuremberg Chronicle (Hartmann Schedel 1494)

OMS Small Grants Now Open!

The TORCH Oxford Medieval Studies Programme invites applications for small grants to support conferences, workshops, and other forms of collaborative research activity organised by researchers at postgraduate (whether MSt or DPhil) or early-career level from across the Humanities Division at the University of Oxford.

The scheme has a rolling deadline. Closing date for applications: Friday of Week 4 each term for activities taking place during that or the following term. An additional deadline for summer activities and Michaelmas Term is last Friday of July.

Grants are normally in the region of £100–250 and can either be for expenses or for administrative and organisational support such as publicity, filming or zoom hosting. They can also be used to support staging a play for the Medieval Mystery Cycle, e.g. for buying props or material for costumes. Recipients will be required to supply a report after the event for the Oxford Medieval Studies blog and will be invited to present on their award at an OMS event.

Applicants will be responsible for all administrative aspects of the activity, including formulating the theme and intellectual rationale, devising the format, and, depending on the type of event, inviting speakers and/or issuing a Call for Papers, organising the schedule, and managing the budget, promotion and advertising.

Applications should be submitted to Prof. Lesley Smith  using the word grant application form. Informal enquiries may also be directed to Lesley. The Oxford Medieval Studies Programme money is administered by The Oxford Research Centre in the Humanities (TORCH) and the money will be paid out via their expenses system.

Seminars in Medieval and Renaissance Music

We are pleased to announce the seminars for Hilary Term 2026. The seminars are all held via Zoom on Thursdays at 5 p.m. GMT. If you are planning to attend a seminar this term, please register using this form. For each seminar, those who have registered will receive an email with the Zoom invitation and any further materials a couple of days before the seminar. If you have any questions, please send an email to Joe Mason at all.souls.music.seminars@gmail.com; this address is the main point of contact for the seminars. We look forward to an exciting series and hope to see many of you there.

Margaret Bent (Convener, All Souls College)

29 January 2026, 5pm–7pm GMT: Presenter: Kévin Roger (University of Lorraine)
Title: Latin Motets and Literary Networks in the Late Middle Ages: Intertextuality, Rhetoric, and Digital Reading
Discussants: Yolanda Plumley (University of Exeter) and Karl Kügle (Universities of Oxford and Utrecht)

Abstract: Latin motets of the 14th and early 15th centuries preserve one of the most complex bodies of lyric poetry from the Late Middle Ages. While vernacular art was flourishing, these pluritextual works maintained a dense, erudite, and allusive Latin that has long hindered scholarly interpretation. Because their meaning is often obscure, research has traditionally focused on musical structure rather than on the literary strategies that shape the motet as a poetic object.

This paper investigates the modes of textual invention in Latin motets by analysing their intertextual mechanisms, rhetorical organisation, and broader literary framework. It considers the major French sources and examines how composers drew on classical, biblical, and patristic materials, as well as on florilegia and mnemonic practices. Rather than merely identifying quotations, this research seeks to characterise different forms of borrowing (citation, allusion, discursive resonance) and to understand how they evolve across the corpus.

Digital methods play a central role: TEI encoding enables fine-grained annotation of stylistic features and standardisation of data, while NLP approaches, including LatinBERT, assist in detecting textual reuse and semantic patterns at scale. These tools complement traditional expertise, revealing previously unknown intertextual links and restoring the literary richness of this challenging repertoire.

26 February, 5pm–7pm GMT Andrew Kirkman (University of Birmingham)
Title: Made to measure or prêt à chanter? The Court of Wilhelm IV and the Later Alamire Manuscripts
Discussants: Thomas Schmidt (University of Manchester) and Zoe Saunders (Independent scholar)

Abstract: The Alamire codices have traditionally been seen as diplomatic gifts, or at the very least commissions from magnates and super-rich aficionados. This article argues that for most of the later, paper codices at least, the sequence happened in reverse: in other words they comprised workshop material that was first produced and then sold once buyers could be found. The same conclusion prompts also a review of the construction of some of the more elegant, parchment sources, and the proposal that the ‘bespoke’ aspects of such codices may have extended no further than their opening—and hence most immediately visible—pages.

12 March, 5pm–7pm GMT Presenters: Elisabeth Giselbrecht, Louisa Hunter-Bradley and Katie McKeogh (King’s College London)
Title: No two books are the same. Interactions with early printed music and the people behind them

Abstract: The DORMEME project investigates how early modern owners, readers, and users engaged with printed polyphonic music books, focusing on 1500–1545, when music printing introduced new modes of circulation alongside manuscript and oral transmission. This technological shift expanded and reshaped how individuals interacted with music books—as tools for performance and teaching, as collectable objects, and as sites of confessional negotiation. Our project undertakes a copy-based survey of surviving printed polyphonic books across European and North American collections, documenting marks of use and developing case studies that reveal how these books were used, altered, and understood.

This paper presents the project’s first synthetic results. We outline a taxonomy of interventions—textual, musical, material, and paratextual—and consider them in relation to user motivations such as correction, performance facilitation, confessional adaptation, education, personalisation, and proof-reading. Drawing on detailed examples, we examine textual changes in religious motets, musical annotations including crosses, numbers, custodes, and barline-like dashes, and patterns of personalisation that illuminate different types of owners and users. We also address the distinctive role of the proof-reader as the “first reader,” whose interventions bridge production and use. Together, these findings show how annotations can reshape our understanding of early modern musical practice and book culture.

Change of policy on seminar recording

The seminars have taken place on Thursdays at 5 p.m. UK time for over thirty years. When we moved them to Zoom in 2020 during Covid, it soon became clear that in attracting wide global participation, including expertise not available locally in Oxford, they would continue online into the foreseeable future. Many have indicated how much they value these online but ‘live’ opportunities to share and respond to new work, or just to learn from them. We decided from the start not to make them hybrid (which doesn’t facilitate awareness or interaction between the in-person and online participants), not to make them webinars (where there is no interaction with the audience), and not to record them. The reasons for that were to protect unpublished work (we know who has registered and received any associated materials), and to ensure a sense of occasion and enable participation in real time. Much of that would be lost if people could easily listen in at their convenience. We are receiving increasing requests to record the seminars from those who can never come because of conflicting schedules or unfriendly time zones. We are therefore proposing the following change:

  • Where a speaker and the invited discussants are happy to do so, we will record the first hour of the seminar;
  • If the speaker but not the invited discussants are happy to record, only the first half hour may be available;
  • We will not record the second hour of general discussion, as we do not wish to inhibit that discussion, and would need to secure too many permissions;
  • We would make the recording available on the seminar’s YouTube channel at a later date.

This change of policy is intended to serve those whose schedules do not permit them to attend, as well as those who would like to revisit the presentation afterwards. Recordings will not include the general discussion, and may not include the invited discussion. As for the protection of unpublished material: any unauthorised or uncredited ‘borrowing’ can be documented from the availability of the Youtube recording. As not all speakers may want to be recorded, and as it will not be known in advance which seminars will be available afterwards, we still hope to encourage as much attendance in real time as at present.

You can register for the seminar’s YouTube channel here, where any recordings will be uploaded.

All Souls College, Oxford Hilary Term, 2023

Led by Dr Margaret Bent (Convenor, All Souls College, Oxford) and Matthew Thomson (University College Dublin)

The seminars are all held via Zoom on Thursdays at 5 p.m. GMT. If you are planning to attend a seminar this term, please register using this form. For each seminar, those who have registered will receive an email with the Zoom invitation and any further materials a couple of days before the seminar. If you have questions, please just send an email to matthew.thomson@ucd.ie.

Seminar programme

Thursday 26 January, 5pm GMT

Julia Craig-McFeely (DIAMM, University of Oxford)

The Sadler Sets of Partbooks and Tudor Music Copying

Discussants: Owen Rees (University of Oxford) and Magnus Williamson (University of Newcastle)

The digital recovery of the Sadler Partbooks has revealed considerably more than simply the notes written on the pages. Surprisingly more in fact. It has led to a re-evaluation of pretty much everything we thought we knew about the books and their inception, and indeed the culture of music copying in England in the mid- to late-16th century. This paper examines the question of who was responsible for copying Bodleian Library Mus. e. 1–5. Some tempting speculations are explored, and some new paradigms proposed.

Thursday 16 February, 5pm GMT

Martin Kirnbauer and the project team Vicentino21: Anne Smith, David Gallagher, Luigi Collarile and Johannes Keller (Schola Cantorum Basiliensis / FHNW)

Soav’ e dolce – Nicola Vicentino’s Intervallic Vision

The musical ideas and visions that Vicentino sets out in his writings L’antica musica ridotta alla moderna prattica (Rome 1555) and the Manifesto for his arciorgano can only be concretely traced on the basis of a few, mostly fragmentary, surviving compositions. However, the research carried out within the framework of the SNSF-funded research project “Vicentino21” (https://www.fhnw.ch/plattformen/vicentino21/), with the aim of creating a digital edition of Vicentino’s treatise, now provides concrete findings. Using the example of the madrigal Soav’ e dolce ardore (III:51, fol. 67), questions concerning Vicentino’s musical visions and the edition will be discussed.

Thursday 9 March, 5pm GMT

Emily Zazulia (University of California at Berkeley)

The Fifteenth-Century Song Mass: Some Challenges

Discussants: Fabrice Fitch (Royal Conservatoire of Scotland) and Sean Gallagher (New England Conservatory)

Love songs and the Catholic Mass do not make easy bedfellows. The earthly, amorous, even carnal feelings explored in fifteenth-century chansons seem at odds with the solemnity of Christian observance’s most central rite. Recent scholarship has attempted to bridge this divide, showing how some of these genre-crossing pieces conflate the earthly lady with the Virgin Mary, thereby effacing the divide between sacred and secular. But a substantial body of song masses survives whose source material is decidedly not amenable to this type of interpretation—masses based on songs that are less “My gracious lady is without peer” and more “Hey miller girl, come grind my grain”—or, as we shall see, worse. This paper turns an eye toward these misfit masses, surveying the corpus for a sense of what there is—the Whos, Whats, Wheres, and Whens—as a first step toward the Hows and Whys of these puzzling pieces. One particularly tricky example, the mass variously referred to as Je ne demande and Elle est bien malade, suggests that it may be time to replace prevailing sacred–secular interpretative models with a new approach.

Seminar in Manuscript Studies and Palaeography

All seminars will take place in the Weston Library, Horton Room, 2.15 – 3.45 on Monday afternoons in 2nd, 4th, 6th, and 8th week. All are welcome; a University or Bodleian reader card is usually required to access the seminar room. Manuscripts will be shown. For further information contact matthew.holford@bodleian.ox.ac.uk or andrew.dunning@bodleian.ox.ac.uk

Hilary Term 2026

Header image: St John’s College MS 167 from Syon Abbey

26th January: ‘Manuscripts in the hands of Franciscus Junius (1591-1677)’, Kees Dekker (Groningen)

9th February: ‘The Bodleian’s Gaignières Collection: A paper museum for Gothic tombs’, Emily Guerry (Oxford)

23rd February: ‘The Bruce Codex (MS. Bruce 96): Answering the Riddles of Coptic Gnostic Manuscript’, Eric Crégheur (Université Laval)

9th March: ‘Pen-Flourishing and the Boundaries of Meaning’, Seamus Dwyer (Cambridge)

Hilary Term 2023

16 Jan. (week 1): Laure Miolo (University of Oxford), “Astronomy and astrology in fourteenth-century Oxford: MS. Digby 176 in context”

30 Jan. (week 3): Laura Saetveit Miles (University of Bergen), “The Influence of St. Birgitta of Sweden’s Revelationes in Late-Medieval England” 

13 Feb (week 5): Sonja Drimmer (University of Massachusetts Amherst): “The ‘Genealogy Industry’: Codicological Diversity in England, c.1400–c.1500.”

27 Feb. (week 7): Laura Light (Les Enluminures), “Latin Bibles in England c. 1200-c. 1230”

Astronomy and astrology in fourteenth-century Oxford: MS. Digby 176 in context

The manuscript Oxford, Bodleian, Digby 176 is a key witness for better understanding the astronomical and astrological practices and innovations of a group of practitioners trained in Oxford around mid-fourteenthcentury. This group of scholars sharing a same background and interest in the ‘science of the stars’ (scientia stellarum) was closely linked to Merton College. Modern historiography mainly tended to focus on the so-called calculatores, eclipsing the scientific activities of this circle of astronomers and astrologers. In this group, Simon Bredon (d. 1372) or William Reed (d. 1385) played the role of patrons, providing subsidies, books and doubtless a scientific expertise. The codex Oxford, Bodleian, Digby 176 is representative of these activities and intellectual exchanges. It also allows to better understand the earliest phase of reception of Alfonsine astronomy in England and the role played by William Reed in this circle. This composite volume assembled by William Reed displays highly sophisticated and cutting-edge scientific innovations fostered by a rapid flow of information and technical data within this ‘community of learning’. Finally, Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS. Digby 176 also raises the problem of the complementary practices between astronomy and astrology, and the growing specialisation of scholars in one or the other of these disciplines.

MS. Digby 176, fol. 71v Almanak Solis 1342

Funded Doctoral Position: The Seven Sages of Rome

The University of St Andrews in Scotland is currently advertising a PhD scholarship (with 3.5 years’ full funding) for the following project “How to write a global success before print: The paradigmatic case of the Seven Sages of Rome/Sindbad narrative.” Deadline for applications is Sunday 15 February 2026. More information can be found on the St Andrews website

Previous advertisment for a doctoral position in 2024: The research project “The Seven Sages of Rome Revisited: Striving for an Alternative Literary History”  invites applications for one doctoral research associate: FU Berlin advertisement of the position

The project is funded by the Einstein Foundation Berlin as part of the Berlin University Alliance/Oxford University Einstein Visiting Fellowship scheme. The selected postholder will work closely with the PIs of the project, Professor Dr Jutta Eming, Freie Universität Berlin and Dr Ida Tóth, University of Oxford (Einstein BUA/Oxford Visiting Fellow 2024-27). The position is funded by the Einstein Foundation Berlin as part of the Berlin University Alliance/Oxford University Einstein Visiting Fellowships scheme. The Doctoral Research Associate will participate in the project “The Seven Sages of Rome Revisited: Striving for an Alternative Literary History”. The selected postholder will be jointly supervised by the PIs of the project, Professor Dr Jutta Eming, Freie Universität Berlin and Dr Ida Toth, University of Oxford (Einstein BUA/Oxford Visiting Fellow 2024-27).
The research project “The Seven Sages of Rome Revisited: Striving for an Alternative Literary History” focuses on one of the most popular and least studied works of pre-modern world literature. Transmitted in over thirty languages and attested through hundreds of manuscripts and early printed editions, this tradition provides ample scope for exploring the extant material from textual, intercultural, and intersectional literary perspectives. The Einstein BUA/Oxford research project proposes to undertake an interdisciplinary, collaborative and comparative philological, literary, and cultural analysis in Byzantine/Medieval Latin and Medieval German and Early Modern Studies. Its goal is to reassess and redefine the traditional approach to the SSR and to medieval literature in general.

Job description:
The Doctoral Research Associate will study one specific set of motifs – Wisdom, Power, and Gender – that is common to all surviving traditions of the Seven Sages in the German and/or Greek textual tradition. The main duty will be to conduct research on a doctoral project designed along these research lines. The postholder will work under the direction of Professor Dr Jutta Eming and Dr Ida Toth as well as collaborating with the other members of the research group. The postholder will assist in planning and organisation of scholarly events (lectures, seminars, workshops, outreach programmes), in publication projects, and will play a key role in securing the online visibility and digital presence of the project. 
This is an exciting opportunity for a highly motivated doctoral candidate with strong interests in wisdom literature, intersectionality, and concepts of power. The successful candidate will join a team of textual and literary scholars, who play an active role in the current efforts to reassess traditional literary canons and to create an alternative, and much more nuanced, understanding of pre-modern global literary history.

Requirements:
• A Master’s degree qualification (MA, MSt, MPhil or the equivalent) in a subject/field relevant to the Project (German Studies, Byzantine Studies/Medieval Latin)

Desirable:
• Above-average Masters’ degree grade 
• Doctoral project on the Seven Sages of Rome
• Excellent command of the spoken and written English language
• Demonstrable interest in the project’s focus area (Wisdom – Power – Gender)
• Ability to work independently
• Commitment to team-building and teamwork
• Willingness to engage in interdisciplinary exchange

Application materials:
• An application letter/statement of purpose (one page)
• An outline of the planned dissertation project (two pages)
• A curriculum vitae with list of publications (if applicable) 
• Official transcripts of all previous degrees and university diplomas
• A copy of master’s thesis or a sample of written work (max. 25 pages)

How to apply:
Your application materials should state the identifier Predoc_JE_BUA_SSoR_2_24. They should be combined in a single PDF document and sent electronically to Ms Sylwia Bräuer (s.braeuer@fu-berlin.de). Two letters of recommendation from university-level teachers should be submitted separately. They should be addressed and emailed to the project PIs Jutta Eming (j.eming@fu-berlin.de ) and Ida Toth (ida.toth@history.ox.ac.uk).

Report on the Oxford-Berlin Workshop ‘The Seven Sages of Rome as a Global Narrative Tradition’

11-12 November 2022, organised by Ida Toth (Oxford) and Jutta Eming (Berlin)

The Seven Sages of Rome (SSR) is a title commonly used for one of the most widely distributed pre-modern collections of stories, which – remarkably – also happens to be barely known today, even among medievalists and early modernists. Several early versions of the SSR exist in Greek (Syntipas), Arabic (Seven Viziers), Hebrew (Mishle Sendebar), Latin (Dolopathos, Historia septem sapientum), Persian (Sindbād-nameh) and Syriac (Sindbād) as well as in the later translations into Armenian, Bulgarian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, German, English, French, Hungarian, Icelandic, Polish, Russian, Scottish, Serbian, Swedish, Spanish, Romanian, Turkish and Yiddish. The multilingual traditions of the SSR, with their many intercultural links, cannot be adequately understood within the current division of research disciplines into distinct medieval and modern linguistic areas. To mend this deficiency, the workshop has invited specialists in affiliated fields to address the problems of surveying the long history of creative adaptations associated with the SSR. The participants will consider the complexities of the philological, literary, and historical analysis of the SSR in many of its attested versions across the pre-modern and early modern periods. The workshop is envisaged as a forum for a robust discussion on possible ways of advancing the current scholarship of the SSR, and as an opportunity to strengthen the inter-institutional collaboration involving specialists based at the universities in Oxford and Berlin, and more broadly.

The workshop will start with a session in the Weston Library on Friday morning where the group will meet other Oxford medievalists at the Coffee Morning, followed by a view of special collections in the library. While this is for speakers only, their is limited capacity to attend the following talks at the Ioannou Centre. If interested, please contact the workshop co-ordinator Josh Hitt.

FRIDAY, 11 NOVEMBER 2022, THE IOANNOU CENTRE

  • 2 pm – 3 pm: Beatrice Gründler, Kalīla and Dimna – AnonymClassic: Methodology and Practical Implementations (via Zoom, 1st-fl Seminar Room)
  • 4 pm – 5 pm: Daniel Sawyer, Forgotten books: The application of Unseen Species Models to the Survival of Culture (In person, Outreach Room)

SATURDAY, 12 NOVEMBER 2022, THE IOANNOU CENTRE

10 am – 11.30 am

  • Jutta Eming, The Seven Sages of Rome in Literary History and Genre Theory
  • David Taylor, Re-examining the Evidence of the Syriac Book of Sindbād
  • Ida Toth, The Byzantine Book of Syntipas: Approaches and Directions
  • Emilie van Opstall, The Representation of Women in Byzantine Syntipas and Latin Dolopathos

12 pm – 1.30 pm

  • Bettina Bildhauer, Consent in the German Version of the Seven Sages of Rome
  • Rita Schlusemann, Genre, Dissemination and Multimodality of the Septem sapientum Romae, especially in Dutch and German
  • Niko Kunkel, Statistics and Interpretation: Annotating the German Sieben Weise Meister
  • Ruth von Bernuth, Yiddish Seven Masters

4.30 pm: Tea and a guided tour of St Edmund Hall with Henrike Lähnemann

5.45 pm: Evensong at New College

Appendix: List of manuscripts and early printed books in the Bodleian Library:

  • Arabic: Pococke 400
  • Greek: Barocc. 131 and Laud. 8
  • Armenian: MS. Arm. e. 33 and MS. Canonici Or. 131
  • Hebrew (Mishle Sendebar/Fables of Sendebar): MS. Heb. d. 11 (ff. 289-294) and MS. Bodl. Or. 135 (ff. 292-300r)
  • Yiddish: Opp. 8. 1115 Mayse fun Ludvig un Aleksander and Opp. 8. 1070 Zibn vayzn mansters fun Rom
  • Welsh Jesus College MS 111
  • Middle English: B. Balliol College MS. 354
  • English, early printed book: The History of the Seven Wise Masters of Rome. Now newly Corrected better Explained in many places and enlarged with many pretty Pictures etc. London, Printed for John Wright, next to the Globe in Little-Brittain, 1671

Image: British Library, Add. MS. 15685, f. 83r (XIV century, Venice)

Bible Layout Through the Ages

Report on an In-Depth Crash-Course on the History of ‘the Book’ with Péter Tóth by Alice Lanyue Zhang (MSt. Modern Languages, 2025)

This session of the History of the Book seminar at the Weston Library, led by Péter Tóth, focused on understanding the development of the Bible in its layout, languages, and content from the very early scrolls to the numerous modern printed editions. Each of the students was asked to bring along an edition of the Bible to compare and contrast what elements might have been retained throughout the traditions and what might have changed in modern printing and editorial practices. This 3-hour-long session was divided into 3 lecture sections looking at different major stages of the Bible in its transmission and production, and each section was followed by a short manuscript viewing session looking closely at Bible copies from different locations and historical periods. 

Fig. 1: 16th cent. Torah scroll from China

As an introduction to the session, Péter first presented us with three Bible copies representing the two ends of the material history of the Bible. The first item is a massive, carefully made Torah scroll in Hebrew (Figure 1) from, very interestingly, a 16th-century synagogue in southern China by the local Jewish community. Despite the late production, its scroll formatand its content of the Pentateuch make it a perfect indication of what the earliest Hebrew Bible would look like, which has also been proven true by the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls. Its painstaking production, substantial size and difficulty of navigation also transformed the very act of reading into a ritual demanding careful handling and a mastery of the scripture. Only selected people are allowed to read the scroll, without direct touching, due to its sanctity. The second item was a facsimile of the Gutenberg Bible, with the last item being Henrike’s Die Bibel in gerechter Sprache (a Bible edition taking linguistic diversity and inclusivity into serious consideration). The former marks the beginning of the printed era of Bible production, whereas the latter marks the latest stage in our time. In contrast to the Torah scroll, the printed books make the Bible a much more open and accessible text with much easier navigation, increased portability and mass production. By laying these items side by side (Figure 2), we directly witnessed the huge transformation that the Bible and its materiality have gone through across history, which is exactly the topic of today. 

Figure 2: Hebrew Torah scroll, a facsimile of the Gutenberg Bible and Die Bibel in gerechter Sprache side by side

The first section introduced the first translation of the Hebrew Scripture, i.e. the Septuagint, in Ancient Greek, done by seventy-two (always remember the ‘two’! emphasised by Péter) Jewish Rabbis commissioned by Ptolemy II around the early 3rd century BCE. It marks the beginning of the complete integration of the Old Testament into Hellenic Culture and the following reconciliation between Hellenic Greek mythology and Jewish Monotheism. But more importantly to this session, it also represents the start of the Hebrew Bible reaching outside of the Jewish community, rendered legible and understandable for its new audiences by translation – one of the two crucial elements driving the wide, cross-cultural dissemination of the Bible and its material transformation that came along, as Péter argued. In its own time, the Septuagint already kick-started a wave of translational attempts among native Greek-speakers who were unhappy with the Rabbis’ command over the languages. We see Aquila’s extremely literal translation prioritising the Hebrew syntax, Symmachus’ elegant rendition of the Scripture into Homeric Greek, and Origen’s Hexapla critically comparing all major Bible translations circa 250-60 AD. The Septuagint became even more profoundly influential as numerous scribal practices it took became traditions adopted by many later manuscripts, and various important biblical vocabulary and concepts it established are still deeply embedded in Western languages today. 

Show-and-tell at the end of the first session: MS. Gr. Class. a. 1 (frame 9), Facsimile of the Venetus A Ms of Homer’ s Iliad, Facsimile of the Vienna Dioscoros, MS Ms. Auct. T. Inf. 2. 12, Ms. Barocci 15, Ms. Roe 4. Consult https://medieval.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/ for more information about the items presented

In the following manuscript-viewing session, we began by examining the earliest examples of layout formats in Western tradition. The first example is a fragment of Homer’s Iliad in the form of a luxury papyrus roll (Figure 3), produced roughly in the 3rd century AD. The verses are copied in two columns, annotated critically by the Alexandrian scholars. It shows us some of the earliest efforts to consolidate the Homeric verses and produce a critical school edition, which would become the blueprint for formatting the Greek Old Testament. Péter then presented us with two examples of the ultimate form of this early editorial tradition. The first one is a facsimile of an early 11th-century critical edition of the Iliad (Figure 4), and the second is a facsimile of the Juliana Anicia Codex (Figure 5 & 6). In both examples, we sawthe carefully glossed text being preceded by a series of complementary content: biographiesand portraits of the author, introductory treatises and/or summaries, credits of editors, table of contents, title, etc. We then examined two early codices, one of the Septuagint and one of the Book of Psalms, where we observed the continuation and influences of the editorial and layout practices in the classical texts. With the Book of Psalms, we also found modifications and additions of elements to suit the specific liturgical needs (e.g., calculation tables and calendars). From here, we developed a clear idea of what the early standardised format of the Scripture would look like, which led the way to the next sections focusing on its wider transmission.

Figure 3 Fragmentary papyrus roll of the Iliad, MS. Gr. Class. a. 1 (frame 9)
Figure 4 Facsimile of the 11th-century critical edition of the Iliad

The second lecture focused on the second and last core element that drove the transmission of the Bible – the New Testament. It played a crucial role in the process due to its missionary nature to spread Christianity and carried the Old Testament along with it, formulating the Bible we know today. Péter gave us a general introduction to the evolution of the New Testament, where it began as simply a record of Christ’s sayings and teachings. With the evangelists adding context and expanding the text, it developed into the popular genre of gospels that went far beyond the canonical Four Gospels that are now in the Bible. We also saw the emergence of apostolic writings, such as numerous epistles and the Acts of the Apostles. With such a rich pool of literature came the need for solidification. Thus, around the 4th-5th centuries, the canonisation of the New Testament gradually took place. The distinction between ‘canon’, accepted texts and ‘spurious’, rejected texts became common and concepts like the ‘apocrypha’ were established.

What also came with the New Testament is the rise of the codex. Originating from ancient Roman wax tablets, the codex was adopted by Christians as the main format. The change to codex format allowed more writing space, easier navigation for liturgical uses and likely contained an ideological undertone of distinguishing the new Christianity from the pagan scrolls. The material also transitioned from papyrus to parchment due to its durability and reusability, as well as the papyrus shortage at the time. Yet the change of material format doesn’t necessarily entail a change in editorial practices. For instance, in one of the earliest complete Bibles, the Codex Sinaiticus (ca.350AD), it still retained the 8-column layout of the papyrus scroll. At the end of this lecture session, Péter discussed the practical use of the gospel books as a common form of New Testament transmission, in which we saw the development of canon tables that compare the narrative units across the Four Gospels, something we would see very frequently very soon. 

Show-and-tell at the end of the second session: Ms. Aeth. c. 2, Ms. Cromwell 16, Ms. Arm. d. 4. Consult https://medieval.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/ for more information about the items presented

Accompanying the lecture, in the next manuscript viewing session, we saw various copies of the New Testament that were produced in different regions and different periods. As pointed out by Péter, canon tables (sometimes with a user guide) became widely present in almost all gospel books, followed by more ‘traditional’ elements such as a list of chapters, portraits of authors, and abstracts for each book. One of the highlights during this session was the comparison Péter presented with three different codices of the Gospels produced a few hundred years apart: one Ethiopian, one Greek and one Armenian (Figure 7). Each copies are decorated with cultural iconographies in local artistic traditions, yet the layout and format of the codex remained the same. From here, we see with our own eyes the wide, cross-cultural dissemination of the New Testament and the relative stability of itsstandardised textual and material production. 

Figure 7: Comparison between three Gospel books, Ms. Aeth. c. 2, Ms. Cromwell 16, Ms. Arm. d. 4. Consult https://medieval.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/ for more information about the items presented

The last lecture focused on the history of the Latin Bible for its profound linguistic, cultural and spiritual influence in the Western world. The need for a Latin Bible started with the Latin-speaking Romans in North Africa around the 2nd-3rd centuries AD due to the limited Greek influence in the area and the increasing demand to understand Christian texts. The translation likely began sparsely with liturgies before developing into full text, as we found notes of oral translation in lines or margins of the Gospel books at the time. The early translations of the Bible were often adapted for regional dialects and corrected against unfounded Greek manuscripts, leading to the mixing of textual traditions and the overwhelming parallel existence of different versions by the 4th century. Therefore, Pope Damasus commissioned Jerome in 382 AD to polish and unify the Old Latin Gospels and later the Old Testament, producing the foundation of a standardised Latin Bible despite its controversial reception. In 585 AD, Cassiodorus and his monastery developed a full Bible based on Jerome’s work, which is preserved in the Codex Amiatinus. Finally, in the court of Charlemagne, with the unification of the Carolingian Empire, a standard full Latin version was produced and successfully circulated across the empire from ca. 800 AD, marking the consolidation of the Vulgate Bible. 

Latin Bible in medieval manuscripts from the Bodleian Library. Consult https://medieval.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/ for more information about the items presented: Ms. Laud. misc. 752 – the Romanesque bible; Canon. Bibl. Lat. 60 – Carolingian gospel book; Ms. Auct. E. inf. 7. – Glossed Bible; Ms. Broxb. 89. 9. – Paris Bible; Facsimile of the Munich copy of the Gutenberg Bible; Bibel in gerechter Sprache

In the final manuscript viewing session, we saw several different copies of the Latin version of the Bible (Figures 8 & 9). In these copies, we continued to see a series of fairly standardised layouts and editorial practices, i.e., all the elements mentioned above, that could trace back to as early as the classical textual traditions and the emergence of practical gospel books. We also examined several beautiful and interesting illustrations. For instance, in a Carolingian gospel book, the portraits of the four evangelists formed a ‘stop-motion’ of the writing process (Figure 10); the historiated initial of Genesis in one Bible codex illustrated the seven days of creation (Figure 11). Eventually, we circled back to the facsimile of the Gutenberg Bible that symbolises the revolution of the printing press, and the beginning of modern Bibles. 

And thus concluded the 3-hour journey on the history of ‘the Book’. 

Figure 8: Purple canon tables
Figure 9: Different Bible versions side-by-side
Figure 10: The process of writing formed by the portraits of the four evangelists
Figure 11: The Creation illustrated in the initial ‘I’ of Genesis.

The Secret Geometry Behind Words

Report by Leonie Erbenich, Visiting Graduate Student in Modern Languages, on a workshop with Giles Bergel for the History of the Book students in Modern Languages 2025. Cf. the History of the Book blog on the workshops in 2024 ‘Seeing Materiality through a Computer’s Eyes‘ and 2023 ‘Digital Tools for Image Matching

How Archivists can benefit from Computer Vision

Dusty reading rooms are hardly the place where you’d expect to find cutting-edge technology — but AI researchers and libraries have formed an unlikely symbiosis in the field of Computer Vision, a technology that transforms images into geometrical data. You’ve probably come across this branch of AI in your daily life – e. g. when parking your car with park assist, or identifying a plant via an app, or trying to track down a pair of shoes with google lens. But Computer Vision is also a real gamechanger when it comes to unveiling the History of Books.
Humans mostly open books because they want to read the text that’s inside. The absence of this intent in the computational gaze allows for a different focus: Each page becomes first and foremost an image, a surface consisting of shapes and lines that can be measured and compared.
Even before the digital age, bibliographers were already looking for ways to see differences between seemingly identical pages: The McLeod Portable Collator for example is  a wonderfully eccentric, mechanical device that overlaid two printed pages optically. (More information on library machines can be found on the Bodleian blog)

Today, those ingenious optical tools have digital descendants: Software such as ImageCompare, developed by Oxford’s Visual Geometry Group, can compare scans of bookpages and automatically highlight even the tiniest shifts in type, punctuation, or ink. What once required hours of eye-straining concentration can now be done in seconds. Funfact: The beloved “before- after” slide feature on Instagram is only one of several options ImageCompare offers to make it easier to “spot the difference”- for example in these title pages of reformation pamphlets from 1530:

ARCH8o.G.1530(15)
ARCH8o.G.1530(13)

Nevertheless, these tools are not magical “brains in a box” that spit out research results, as Dr Giles Bergel, Digital Humanities Researcher in the Visual Geometry Group Oxford, puts it. They just act as magnifiers that help spotting similarities and differences in material. It’s up to humans to interpret the data: Woodcuts, for example, were often reused across countless editions of books or manuscripts at different times and places. Paradoxically, the newer looking print can sometimes be the older one. Scotland Chapbooks (https://data.nls.uk/data/digitised-collections/chapbooks-printed-in-scotland/) is capable of searching a large dataset for illustrations and visually group them together, allowing researchers to trace how a single woodcut might have changed over time — a crack deepening, a border wearing thin, holes left by a bookworm.

Research Examples

Giovanna Truong, a former History of the Book student, used ImageCompare to identify identical illustrations in two different Yiddish Haggadot-uncovering a link between the two printers of the books based in Venice and Prague.

Blair Hedges, evolutionary biologist at Pennsylvania State University, studied the different patterns of wormholes which appear as white dots on prints and was able to attribute them to two different species of beetles. The holes in the woodcuts revealed how they were spread in Europe at the time, coincidentally strikingly in accordance to the distribution of Catholics and Protestants in Europe…

These examples show how the use of AI reveals formerly invisible patterns that can serve as clues to a book’s life and travels. And it might help to shift the image of dusty librarians and archivist trailing behind their time – as it is actually quite the reverse.